Molecular Genetics of Cancer

Atomic Genetics of Cancer Presentation It has been built up that malignant growth is a hereditary illness, portrayed by transaction of freak type of the oncogenes and tumor silencer qualities prompting the uncontrolled development and spread of disease cells. While a portion of the freak qualities might be acquired, others happen in the physical cells of the people, which can partition and structure tumor. Culmination of Human Genome Sequencing Project has created an abundance of new data about the changes that trigger a cell to get dangerous. It has now been conceivable to comprehend to incredible degree the connection among qualities and malignant growth, and how transformations, chromosomal changes, infections and ecological specialists assume a job in the advancement of disease. In this section current comprehension of the nature and reason for malignant growth has been introduced. CELL CYCLE AND CANCER During mitotic cell division, in each phone, all chromosomes must copy loyally and a duplicate of the each must be disseminated to offspring cells. Movement through the cell cycle is constrained by the exercises of numerous qualities. At various stages in the cell cycle there exist control focuses (G1, G2, S, and M stages) at which the cell cycle is captured if there is harm to the genome or cell-cycle hardware. Such component assists with fixing the harm or obliterate the cell. Through this procedure it is conceivable to forestall the chance of isolating a deficient cell and from getting carcinogenic. Proteins and catalysts called cyclines and cycline-subordinate kinases (Cdks) separately are the key segments that are associated with the guideline of occasions in the checkpoints. At the G1-to-S checkpoint, two diverse G1 cycline/Cdks complex structures, bringing about initiation of the kinase. The kinase catalyzes a progression of phosphorylations (expansion of phosphate gathering) of cell-cycle control proteins, influencing the elements of those proteins and prompting interpretation into the S stage. Additionally, at the G2-to-M checkpoint, a G2 cycline ties to a Cdk to shape a complex. Phosphorylation of the Cdk by another kinase keeps the Cdk dormant. Expulsion of a phosphate bunch from Cdk by a phosphataes protein actuates the Cdk. From that point, the cell moves from S to M stage, because of phosphorylation of proteins by Cdk. Guideline of Cell Division in Normal Cells Division of ordinary cells is directed by both extracellular and cell particles that work in a convoluted sign framework. Steroids and hormones made in different tissues are extracellular particles, which impact the development and division of some different tissues. These extracellular sub-atomic are known as development factors, which tie to explicit receptors on their objective cells. The receptors are proteins that length the plasma layer, and the development factor ties to the piece of the receptor which lies outside of the cell. The sign is then transmitted to an intracellular part through the film installed some portion of the receptor. From that point, the sign is handed-off through a progression of proteins, which at last actuate atomic qualities engaged with incitement and division of cells through interpretation factors (Fig 13.1a). The other way, restraint of cell development and division is managed by development hindering components (Fig 13.1b). The procedure which incl udes either development stimulatory or development inhibitory sign subsequent to official of the extracellular factor to the receptors is called signal transduction, and the proteins associated with such procedure are called signal transducers. Cell division in ordinary cells happens just when there exist balance among stimulatory and inhibitory signs from outside the cells. Any transformation either in the stimulatory or inhibitory qualities or qualities encoding cell surface receptors engaged with cell cycle control may cause irregularity and loss of control of cell division. Malignant growths ARE GENETIC DISEASE Clinically, malignant growth is characterized as an enormous number of complex sicknesses that carry on contrastingly relying upon the phone types from which they start. In any case, at the atomic level, all tumors display normal attributes, and subsequently they can be gathered as a family. All malignancy cells share two central properties: unregulated cell multiplication, described by irregular development and division, and metastasis, a procedure that permit disease cells to spread and attack different pieces of the body. At the point when a cell loses its hereditary command over its development and division, it might offer ascent to a kind tumor, a multicellular mass. Such tumors may cause no genuine mischief and can frequently be expelled by medical procedure. Notwithstanding, if cells of the tumor likewise procure the capacity to loosen up, enter the circulatory system, attack different cells, they may prompt arrangement of auxiliary tumors somewhere else in the body. Such tumo rs are called dangerous, which are hard to treat and may become perilous. A favorable tumor may get threatening through different advances and hereditary changes. Changes in three sorts of qualities can prompts disease. These are proto-oncogenes, tumor silencer qualities and mutator qualities. Freak proto-oncogenes are called oncogenes, are generally more dynamic than typical cells. The result of oncogenes invigorates cell multiplication. The typical tumor silencer qualities restrain cell expansion, while the freaks found in tumor cells have lost their inhibitory capacity. The typical mutator qualities are required to guarantee devotion of replication and upkeep of genome respectability, while freak mutator qualities in malignant growth cells make the cells inclined to amass mutational blunders. RETROVIRUS AND ONCOGENES Most malignancy causing creature infections are RNA infections known as retroviruses, and the oncogenes conveyed by RNA tumor infections are changed types of ordinary creature have cell qualities. Contamination with retroviruses can change typical host cells to the neoplastic state, and such cells multiply in an uncontrolled way to create tumor. Instances of retroviruses incorporate human immunodeficiency infection (HIV-1), mouse mammary tumor infection, felin leukemia infection, and Rous sarcoma infection. A commonplace retrovirus molecule has a protein center, which frequently is icosahedral fit as a fiddle, with two duplicates of in addition to detect (implies straightforwardly translatable) single abandoned RNA particle (7kb and 10 kb). The center is encircled by an envelope with infection encoded glycoproteins embedded into it (Fig 13.2). The infection enters the host cell by associating with the host cell surface receptor through its glycoproteins present in the envelope. To see how retroviruses cause disease in creatures, it is basic to realize their life cycle. Rous sarcoma infection (RSV) is one of the most punctual retrovirus concentrated on enlistment of disease. At the point when a retrovirus like RSV taint a cell, the RNA genome is discharged from the viral molecule, and a twofold abandoned DNA duplicate of the genome is made by invert transcriptase (Fig 13.3). This is known as proviral DNA. The proviral DNA at that point enters the core of the tainted cell, and incorporates into the host chromosome indiscriminately areas. The incorporated DNA duplicate is called provirus. At the left finish of all retroviral RNA genomes comprises of the arrangement R and U5, and U3 and R at the correct end. Ground-breaking enhancer and advertiser components are situated in the U5 and U3 arrangements (Fig 13.3). During proviral DNA amalgamation by switch transcriptase, the end arrangements are copied to create long terminal rehashes of U3-R-U5 (LTRs in Fig 13.3 ), which contain a significant number of the interpretation administrative signs for the viral succession. The two finishes of the proviral DNA are ligated to deliver a circle, a twofold abandoned atom wherein the two LTRs are close to one another. Stunned scratches are made in both viral and cell DNAs, and joining of the viral DNA starts. The viral DNA closes joined through recombination. Coordination happens now, and single abandoned holes are ligated. The combination of retrovirus proviral DNA brings about a duplication of DNA at the objective site, creating short, direct rehashes in the host cell DNA flanking the provirus. The proviral DNA is translated by have RNA polymerase II, after joining into the host DNA. The retroviruses have three protein-coding qualities for the infection life cycle: muffle, pol, and env (Fig 13.3). The stifler quality encodes an antecedent protein that is cut to create infection molecule protein. The pol quality encodes a forerunner protein which creates a compound called turn around transcriptase, required for the coordination of the proviral DNA into the host chromosome. The env quality encodes the antecedent to the encompass glycoprotein. The descendants infection particles are delivered when translation results of the whole coordinated viral DNA are pressed into new popular particles. The new infection particles are discharged and can contaminate new host cells. A retrovirus may actuate malignant growth in the host cells through two unique ways. Initially, the proviral DNA may incorporate by chance close to one of the cell’s typical proto-oncogenes. The solid enhancers and advertisers in the provirus at that point animate translation of proto-oncogenes present in the host cell at significant levels or at improper planning. This prompts incitement of host-cell multiplication. Second, a retrovirus may get a duplicate of a host proto-oncogene and incorporates it into its genome (Fig 13.4). The coordinated oncogene may change during the procedure of move into the infection, or it might be communicated at anomalous levels, because of activity of the viral advertisers. Retroviruses that convey these viral oncogenes can taint and change ordinary cells into tumor cells. Distinctive oncogenic retroviruses convey various oncogenes. Most oncogenic retroviruses can't reproduce as they don't have a full arrangement of life-cycle qualities. Therefore they can't change development properties of the host cells. They are called nononcogenic retroviruses. HIV-1 is a nononcogenic retrovirus. Despite what might be expected, RSV is an oncogenic retrovirus as it can imitate its oncogenes and can influence the development and division of the tainted host cells. Viral oncog

Essay on Chinatown Essays

Paper on Chinatown Essays Article on Chinatown Paper Article on Chinatown Paper Paper Topic: Chinatown After numerous long stretches of starvation and destitution tormenting the place that is known for Chinahundreds of thousands of Chinese in look for of chance started moving to the United States.Many persuaded by the disclosure of gold in California others went to the United States to look for better financial chance. However there were others that were constrained to leave China either as provisional worker or outcasts. The Chinese carried with them their language, culture, social foundations, and customs. After some time they made enduring commitments to their embraced nation and attempted to turn into a necessary piece of the United States populace. In the eighteenth century, Chinese green tea turned out to be mainstream among Europeans and Americans. Chinese silk and porcelain were additionally in extraordinary interest. The Chinese, then again, required basically nothing the west brought to the table. This made an irregularity of exchange, particularly terrible for the British, who were fatigued of sending shiploads of silver to Hong Kong. Their answer was to build up an outsider trade,exchanging their product in India and Southeast Asia for cotton and opium, which became invited in China as money, regardless of the Imperial Chinese denial on opium. During the mid 1800s opium dependence arrived at pestilence extents in China. It turned out to be so well known the British started utilizing itinstead of cash. By and by In 1839 the Qing government, following a time of fruitless enemy of opium crusades, sanctioned radical laws against the opium exchange. Their chief, Lin Zexu, seized and demolished somewhere in the range of 20,000 chests of opium and confined the whole remote network. The British fought back brutally assaulting and sufficiently crushing the ill-equipped Chinese, constraining them to sign thefirst of what the Chinese named the inconsistent treaties.As an outcome Hong Kong turned into a British region. Britain was given most-supported country status, and British nationals were absolved from Chinese law.

Essay Sample Purpose of education

Essay Sample Purpose of education Why do we have to study at schools, colleges, and universities? From the early childhood, we hear the same words: “Study hard”, “Enter a good college”, and “Get a good job”. It seems that all of the generations are obsessed with the education. Yet, very often parents and teachers forget to explain why it is really important to get a good education. Is it a successful career that should be a final result, or there is something else that is more important in this life? From the ancient times, a lot of the philosophers and ordinary people had debates about the purpose of the education. In general, there are two points of views. The first one states that education is necessary only to become a professional in some sphere, like engineering, teaching, photographing, cooking, medicine, etc.. In most of the cases, parents and teachers say exactly this. A great number of people believe that without a proper education it is impossible to get a well-paid job. However, such people doesn’t believe that knowledge is everything what they need, they know for sure that it is necessary to have a good diploma, otherwise, it is impossible to become a successful person. There is some truth in this words, but this meaning is too narrow. What about people, who didn’t study at any college or university but became the great scientists and inventors. It is possible to gain a good education but not necessarily in schools, colleges, and universities. People can study by themselves or with the help of the tutors. Some of the individuals see such methods more effective than spend their young years at the institutions of higher education. Does it mean that if you want to be a farmer you don’t need to graduate a college? It can be more than enough for a farmer to finish a school and just get to know everything about farming in practice. However, it will be very useful to get a higher education too. The second meaning states that education is necessary for some social, intellectual, cultural, and academic purpose. This theory is much closer to the truth. Nicholas Negroponte, the well-known professor, sees the purpose of education in solving global problems. It isn’t something that every person should have, but it is something that every all smart people have. This world isn’t perfect and there are a great number of problems that people need to solve and a great number of things that people should find out. Education is something that can lead to the right answers and decisions. Apart from this, when one person isn’t educated and doesn’t have critical thinking, it isn’t problem. Yet, if there are a lot of such people, it is a big problem because it is very easy to manipulate them. Every subject taught at schools, colleges and universities give us a lesson. It is not necessary to remember all of the historical dates, names of the famous scholars, or names of all of the animals, but it is necessary to understand what is the most important in these lessons. Without understanding this world, it is very difficult to change it for better. Knowledge and education have a very close connection. Yet, they are not identical. It is possible to become a smart, great and successful person without higher education, but it is impossible to become an educated person without knowledge. Education is something that makes our world more developed and people smarter. For this reason, it is good that nowadays almost everyone has a chance to enter a college he or she wants. Now, it is just necessary to understand this and begin to accept it seriously.

Importance of the Lotus Flower in Chinese Culture

The lotus’ importance comes from Buddhism, and is one of the eight precious things in Buddhism. The lotus is said to bloom in Beijing on lunar April 8 (the Buddha’s birthday) and lunar January 8 is Lotus Day. A cultural taboo related to the lotus is  if a woman sews on lunar Lotus Day, she will have menstrual trouble. The lotus (è“ ®Ã¨Å  ±, lià ¡n huÄ , è  ·Ã¨Å  ±, hà © huÄ ) is known as the gentleman’s flower because it grows out from the mud, pure and unstained. The he in a man’s name indicates he is either a Buddhist or connected to Buddhism. The he in a woman’s name is a wish that she be pure and respected. è“ ® (lià ¡n) sounds similar to è  ¯ (lià ¡n, to bind, connect as in marriage); 戀(lià  n) means to love while Ã¥ »â€° (lià ¡n) means modesty; è  · (hà ©)sounds similar to å’Å' ( hà ©, also, one after another, uninterrupted). trouble. In Buddhism, the Lotus Symbolizes: One who comes out of mire but is not sulliedInwardly empty, outwardly uprightPurityFruit, flower and the stalk of the lotus past, present and future Famous Pictures and Sayings Related to the Lotus Lotus bloom with a leaf and bud means a complete union.Magpie sitting on the stamens of a blown lotus and picking seeds: xiguo may you have the joy (xi) of passing one exam (guo) after another (lian)A boy with a carp (yu) beside a lotus (lian) means may you have abundance (yu) year in and year out (lian).Two lotus blooms or a lotus and a blossom on one stem means wish for shared heart and harmony, because è  · (hà ©) means union.A lotus (which represents a girl) and a fish (symbolizing a boy) means love.Red lotus blossom symbolizes the female genitals, and courtesans were often called red lotus.Lotus stem symbolizes the male genitalsA blue lotus stem (qing) symbolizes cleanliness and modestyLotus symbolizes He Xian-gu.The picture of a man on a boat surrounded by lotus blossoms is writer and philosopher Zhou Dun-yi (1017 to 1073) who liked the flower.

Gun Control Laws Should Not Be Prohibited - 897 Words

Mass shootings and suicides have become a serious occurrence from yearly to daily basis. With all these casualties, most of them were unarmed and killed by some sort of weapon. The outcomes of these events would have been different if they were carrying a gun. The possibilities of protecting themselves would be greater than if they did not. Obviously, having a legal weapon can help protect you and your love ones from a dangerous situation. Throughout history, men have been using and keeping weapons in their homes, which the 2nd Amendment claim that citizens have the right to bear arms. Gun control laws should not be prohibited, but in this case, more strict. Have you, as a citizen, ever wondered what would happen if a burglar broke into your home and in seconds, had you at gunpoint. There is nothing can be done but remain as a hostage in your own home. In a different scenario, those few seconds can help you access your weapon and be ready for any kind of situation. Carrying a weapon in your home protects your family and your property from any types of danger. Having a gun gives them at least a fighting chance in the event that a burglar or home invader manages to get in (Pros and Cons). Other than reinforcing doors and windows, having a gun would be the best choice in protecting your home. Not only that, guns can actually protect from something greater. Mass shootings can occur anywhere these days. We, as citizens of this country, have no idea where these events occur soShow MoreRelatedIs Gun Ownership a Right?1214 Words   |  5 Pagespeople kill people, or do guns kill people? According to the U.S. Constitution, the Second Amendment states that the right to bear arms should not altered.(Bill of Rights). Many American citizens believe this amendment is an individual right, while others believe that it is only a collective right intended to restrict Congress from taking away a states right to self-defense. 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Throughout history different laws and regulations have been made about gun control across all continents on earth. These laws change frequently and will continue to do so till the end of time. Many people are either for or against these laws depending on their religion, moral beliefs and location. Although increasing gun control is used for the protection of citizens, it could be deemed unnecessary to many becauseRead MoreThe History Of Gun Control1605 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"In 1939, Germany established gun control. From 1939 to 1945, six million Jews and seven million others unable to defend themselves were exterminated.† Joe Wurzelbacher. The history of gun control legislation started in the 1920s-1930, which made it so that the states and congress could make laws on gun s, before this congress had no say on guns and this made it possible for them to create laws. The National Firearm Act of 1934 made it so that owners must register any sawed-off shotguns with the TreasuryRead MoreArgumentative Essay Gun Control1410 Words   |  6 Pagesnew proposed gun control laws in the aftermath of the massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newton, Connecticut that occurred on December 14th, 2012. This incident claimed the lives of twenty 1st graders and six adults and has set the government in motion to try to prevent future acts of violence by strengthening gun control laws in the United States (Smith). This has been a topic that has been an extremely emotional debate with people on both sides unwilling to compromise. Gun advocates and

Marijuana Prohibition Canada Free Essays

The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Prohibition Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surroundin g the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a period of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent. Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Mini ster Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†). A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect societies views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place. Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B. C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education. It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions. This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlled Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth. Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/2012/11/20/marijuana_legalization_or_decriminalization_backed_by_most_canadians_poll. html. 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. canada. com/nationalpost/news/story. html? id=67996149-9dee-4a3a-a86e-f7a022274658. . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act. 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. heretohelp. bc. ca/visions/cannabis-vol5/the-legal-history-and-cultural-experience-of-cannabis. 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada How to cite Marijuana Prohibition Canada, Essay examples Marijuana Prohibition Canada Free Essays The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Prohibition Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surroundin g the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a period of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent. Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Mini ster Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†). A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect societies views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place. Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B. C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education. It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions. This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlled Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth. Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/2012/11/20/marijuana_legalization_or_decriminalization_backed_by_most_canadians_poll. html. 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. canada. com/nationalpost/news/story. html? id=67996149-9dee-4a3a-a86e-f7a022274658. . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act. 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. heretohelp. bc. ca/visions/cannabis-vol5/the-legal-history-and-cultural-experience-of-cannabis. 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada How to cite Marijuana Prohibition Canada, Papers

Improve Business at Camden Based Indian Restaurant

Question: Discuss about theImprove Business at Camden Based Indian Restaurant. Answer: Introduction to Literature review: The Indian food industry has been experiencing enormous growth over the past few years. It has been seen that most of the Indian restaurants have been expanding their business across the global platform (Kang et al. 2012). Without expanding the business into the global market, the organization would not be able to experience huge margin of profit within the limited timeline. It has been seen that the limited global presence of the restaurants business has created difficulties for them in enhancing the market share in an efficient manner. In this context, a brief literature review has been formed based on the different point of views of the previous researcher. The particular assignment has highlighted the discussion of the different topics such as the growth of the Indian restaurants in the UK market, the market opportunities for the restaurants business on the global platform, etc. Topic 1: The Growth of the Indian Restaurants in UK Market By analyzing the UK restaurant market, it can be assessed that the market is expected to reach 48.2bn as of 2014 (Lane 2013). The UK government has discussed that the food industry has been experiencing the enormous growth in recent years due to the enhanced customer demand. There is a large community in the UK consists of Indian citizenship. Therefore, the demand of the Indian restaurants has been growing in an efficient manner. However, at the initial stage, the British did not accept the Indian restaurants due to the uncommon food menu. Gradually, the food preferences of British people have changed. Consequently, the particular industry has been enhancing the business in an appropriate manner. By analyzing the recent business report, it can be assessed that the number of Indian restaurants has increased more than 10000 (Ryu et al. 2012). The Indian restaurants in the UK have been utilizing both domestic and foreign customers in order to enhance the business effectiveness in an app ropriate manner. In most of the cases, the food price has been influencing the British customers to have the food experiences. According to Gupta, Dasgupta and Chaudhuri (2012), the Indian restaurants have been trying to engage the audiences through their delicious food menu. Nowadays, the demands of the good food have been increasing, as most of the communal people faced difficulties in cooking delicious food at home. In a busy life schedule, it becomes challenging to the family members to manage adequate time for cooking. On the other hand, the increased popularity of the Indian restaurants has been facilitating the organizations in engaging a large number of customers in the business. Vij (2012) has argued that the Indian restaurant's chain is very small in compared to the UK or US restaurant chain. However, the spicy and delicious food menu have been contributing extra benefits to the organization in enhancing the business in a structured manner Topic 2: Changing Food Demand: Over the past few years, the food preferences of the British people have been changing is a drastic manner. At the initial stage of the business, the British community has not accepted the Indian restaurants. However, the Indian restaurants have been upholding the quality of the food in order to engage the British people along with the Indian community. Chand and Katou (2012) have agreed with the fact that the food demand has been changing in recent years. Previously, people tried to make their favorite food at home. However, the busy life schedule has made several challenges for the people in managing time for cooking at home. Consequently, the demands of the processed food and the restaurants have been increasingly popular. Due to the enhancement of the restaurant chain in the UK market, the Indian restaurants have initiated footstep in order to establish their food venture in an efficient manner. Gormley, Rawal and Little (2012) have highlighted the fact that the spicy food catego ry has been facilitating the Indian restaurants to increase its popularity across the global platform. Most of the Indian restaurants have been focusing on providing the spicy food menu to the people in order to attract them in an appropriate manner. It has been seen that the dishes like Tandoori Chicken, Seafood special, Tandoori mix grill, etc. have been increasingly popular in the UK market. The food lovers of UK have been favoring these spicy dishes (Chhabra et al. 2013). Moreover, the prices of the dishes are very less in compared to traditional British dishes. Consequently, it facilitates the particular restaurant organizations in enhancing the business opportunities in an effectual manner. Besides the popular Indian dishes, the traditional dishes also capable of engaging the British customers into the business. The prime focus of these Indian restaurants is to engage a huge number of British people for having the spicy and delicious food experiences. Most of the restaurant's owners are aware of the fact that the Indian community living in the UK would favor their food, but it would be quite a difficult task for them to engage the British community in the business. Hence, the restaurants are more cautious to serve the spicy and delicious food to the British community. Topic 3: Globalization of the Indian Restaurant During the mid-century, the Indian restaurants have been experiencing the growth across the international market. Cappellini and Yen (2013) has identified the fact that the Indian cuisines are more supposed to develop business in many countries due to their enhanced food products. It can be assessed that over 10000 restaurants have been enhancing their business opportunities across the global platforms. There is a huge impact on the food industry due to the globalization. in the recent years, the business opportunities for the food industry has been increasing in an effectual manner. Most of the international governments have been providing adequate opportunities to the small and medium enterprises in establishing their business in the international market. For example, the UK government has been providing the huge contribution to the new food ventures coming from different parts of the world in order to enhance the globalization. Chand and Katou (2012) has argued that the involvemen t of the foreign customers in the business indeed influence the restaurant owners in expanding the business in an efficient manner. According to the global food trade, there are huge opportunities for the Indian restaurants to establish the business across the international market. On the other hand, the globally growing population also influences the restaurant business in an effectual manner. Besides this, the immense influence of the multilateral culture has been influencing the restaurants business for expanding across the global platform. Topic 4: Challenges of Indian Restaurants in Establishing Business in UK By discussing the challenging situation of the Indian restaurants, it can be assessed that the financial resource creates the difficulties for business enhancement across the domestic market. At the initial stage of the business, the Indian restaurant owners find difficulties in identifying the destination for establishing the trade in an effectual manner (Gupta, Dasgupta and Chaudhuri 2012). However, the organizations have successfully evaluated the popular destinations in the UK for the establishment of the business. For example, Camden in London has become one of the favorite destinations for the Indian restaurants to start up the business. After identifying the business destination, the organization needs to accumulate the adequate the financial resources for establishing the trade in a structured manner. For achieving the success in the foreign market, the Indian restaurants need to utilize the huge financial resources at the initial stage. Hence, it becomes difficult situation for most of the small and medium enterprises, as they often fail to arrange such business requirements. Besides this, the new restaurants also need to follow the guideline of the UK government in order to execute the business in an efficient manner (Lane 2013). In most of the cases, the foreign organizations face difficulties to set up a new business due to the different legislations. After the establishment of the business in the foreign market, the restaurants need to identify the potential customers. Without identifying the customers, the restaurants would not be able to experience proper expansion in the business. The Indian restaurants, at the initial stage, find difficulties in engaging the British customers into the business. For accessing the market in an efficient manner, the restaurant chain needs to identify the flaws in the business. Hence, it can be assessed that the Indian restaurants have to face immense challenges in opening a new food venture in the UK. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the particular assignment has focused on developing a literature review on the improvement of the Indian restaurants in the overseas market. Throughout this assignment, a different point of views of the previous researcher has been highlighted in context to the growth of the Indian restaurants in the overseas market like UK. The growth of the Indian restaurants has been discussed in an efficient manner along with the changing food nature of the British community. Over the past decade, the British community has preferred the spicy and delicious food of India. Due to the diversified food menu, most of the British people have been showing adequate interest on having the delicious food experiences from the Indian multi cuisine restaurants. The particular research paper has highlighted the enormous growth opportunities of the Indian restaurants in the UK market. References: Cappellini, B. and Yen, D.A.W., 2013. Little Emperors in the UK: Acculturation and food over time.Journal of Business Research,66(8), pp.968-974. Chand, M. and Katou, A.A., 2012. Strategic determinants for the selection of partner alliances in the Indian tour operator industry: A cross-national study.Journal of World Business,47(2), pp.167-177. Chhabra, D., Lee, W., Zhao, S. and Scott, K., 2013. Marketing of ethnic food experiences: Authentication analysis of Indian cuisine abroad.Journal of Heritage Tourism,8(2-3), pp.145-157. Fielding, S.A., 2014. Currying Flavor: Authenticity, Cultural Capital, and the Rise of Indian Food in the United Kingdom. InThe Paradox of Authenticity in a Globalized World(pp. 35-52). Palgrave Macmillan US. Gormley, F.J., Rawal, N. and Little, C.L., 2012. Choose your menu wisely: cuisine-associated food-poisoning risks in restaurants in England and Wales.Epidemiology and infection,140(06), pp.997-1007. Gupta, S., Dasgupta, S. and Chaudhuri, R., 2012. Critical success factors for experiential marketing: evidences from the Indian hospitality industry.International Journal of Services and Operations Management,11(3), pp.314-334. Kang, K.H., Stein, L., Heo, C.Y. and Lee, S., 2012. Consumers willingness to pay for green initiatives of the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(2), pp.564-572. Lane, C., 2013. Taste makers in the fine-dining restaurant industry: The attribution of aesthetic and economic value by gastronomic guides.Poetics,41(4), pp.342-365. Ryu, K., Lee, H.R. and Gon Kim, W., 2012. The influence of the quality of the physical environment, food, and service on restaurant image, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,24(2), pp.200-223. Vij, M., 2012. A survey of factors influencing cost structures in the Indian hotel sector.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,4(5), pp.449-462.