Molecular Genetics of Cancer

Atomic Genetics of Cancer Presentation It has been built up that malignant growth is a hereditary illness, portrayed by transaction of freak type of the oncogenes and tumor silencer qualities prompting the uncontrolled development and spread of disease cells. While a portion of the freak qualities might be acquired, others happen in the physical cells of the people, which can partition and structure tumor. Culmination of Human Genome Sequencing Project has created an abundance of new data about the changes that trigger a cell to get dangerous. It has now been conceivable to comprehend to incredible degree the connection among qualities and malignant growth, and how transformations, chromosomal changes, infections and ecological specialists assume a job in the advancement of disease. In this section current comprehension of the nature and reason for malignant growth has been introduced. CELL CYCLE AND CANCER During mitotic cell division, in each phone, all chromosomes must copy loyally and a duplicate of the each must be disseminated to offspring cells. Movement through the cell cycle is constrained by the exercises of numerous qualities. At various stages in the cell cycle there exist control focuses (G1, G2, S, and M stages) at which the cell cycle is captured if there is harm to the genome or cell-cycle hardware. Such component assists with fixing the harm or obliterate the cell. Through this procedure it is conceivable to forestall the chance of isolating a deficient cell and from getting carcinogenic. Proteins and catalysts called cyclines and cycline-subordinate kinases (Cdks) separately are the key segments that are associated with the guideline of occasions in the checkpoints. At the G1-to-S checkpoint, two diverse G1 cycline/Cdks complex structures, bringing about initiation of the kinase. The kinase catalyzes a progression of phosphorylations (expansion of phosphate gathering) of cell-cycle control proteins, influencing the elements of those proteins and prompting interpretation into the S stage. Additionally, at the G2-to-M checkpoint, a G2 cycline ties to a Cdk to shape a complex. Phosphorylation of the Cdk by another kinase keeps the Cdk dormant. Expulsion of a phosphate bunch from Cdk by a phosphataes protein actuates the Cdk. From that point, the cell moves from S to M stage, because of phosphorylation of proteins by Cdk. Guideline of Cell Division in Normal Cells Division of ordinary cells is directed by both extracellular and cell particles that work in a convoluted sign framework. Steroids and hormones made in different tissues are extracellular particles, which impact the development and division of some different tissues. These extracellular sub-atomic are known as development factors, which tie to explicit receptors on their objective cells. The receptors are proteins that length the plasma layer, and the development factor ties to the piece of the receptor which lies outside of the cell. The sign is then transmitted to an intracellular part through the film installed some portion of the receptor. From that point, the sign is handed-off through a progression of proteins, which at last actuate atomic qualities engaged with incitement and division of cells through interpretation factors (Fig 13.1a). The other way, restraint of cell development and division is managed by development hindering components (Fig 13.1b). The procedure which incl udes either development stimulatory or development inhibitory sign subsequent to official of the extracellular factor to the receptors is called signal transduction, and the proteins associated with such procedure are called signal transducers. Cell division in ordinary cells happens just when there exist balance among stimulatory and inhibitory signs from outside the cells. Any transformation either in the stimulatory or inhibitory qualities or qualities encoding cell surface receptors engaged with cell cycle control may cause irregularity and loss of control of cell division. Malignant growths ARE GENETIC DISEASE Clinically, malignant growth is characterized as an enormous number of complex sicknesses that carry on contrastingly relying upon the phone types from which they start. In any case, at the atomic level, all tumors display normal attributes, and subsequently they can be gathered as a family. All malignancy cells share two central properties: unregulated cell multiplication, described by irregular development and division, and metastasis, a procedure that permit disease cells to spread and attack different pieces of the body. At the point when a cell loses its hereditary command over its development and division, it might offer ascent to a kind tumor, a multicellular mass. Such tumors may cause no genuine mischief and can frequently be expelled by medical procedure. Notwithstanding, if cells of the tumor likewise procure the capacity to loosen up, enter the circulatory system, attack different cells, they may prompt arrangement of auxiliary tumors somewhere else in the body. Such tumo rs are called dangerous, which are hard to treat and may become perilous. A favorable tumor may get threatening through different advances and hereditary changes. Changes in three sorts of qualities can prompts disease. These are proto-oncogenes, tumor silencer qualities and mutator qualities. Freak proto-oncogenes are called oncogenes, are generally more dynamic than typical cells. The result of oncogenes invigorates cell multiplication. The typical tumor silencer qualities restrain cell expansion, while the freaks found in tumor cells have lost their inhibitory capacity. The typical mutator qualities are required to guarantee devotion of replication and upkeep of genome respectability, while freak mutator qualities in malignant growth cells make the cells inclined to amass mutational blunders. RETROVIRUS AND ONCOGENES Most malignancy causing creature infections are RNA infections known as retroviruses, and the oncogenes conveyed by RNA tumor infections are changed types of ordinary creature have cell qualities. Contamination with retroviruses can change typical host cells to the neoplastic state, and such cells multiply in an uncontrolled way to create tumor. Instances of retroviruses incorporate human immunodeficiency infection (HIV-1), mouse mammary tumor infection, felin leukemia infection, and Rous sarcoma infection. A commonplace retrovirus molecule has a protein center, which frequently is icosahedral fit as a fiddle, with two duplicates of in addition to detect (implies straightforwardly translatable) single abandoned RNA particle (7kb and 10 kb). The center is encircled by an envelope with infection encoded glycoproteins embedded into it (Fig 13.2). The infection enters the host cell by associating with the host cell surface receptor through its glycoproteins present in the envelope. To see how retroviruses cause disease in creatures, it is basic to realize their life cycle. Rous sarcoma infection (RSV) is one of the most punctual retrovirus concentrated on enlistment of disease. At the point when a retrovirus like RSV taint a cell, the RNA genome is discharged from the viral molecule, and a twofold abandoned DNA duplicate of the genome is made by invert transcriptase (Fig 13.3). This is known as proviral DNA. The proviral DNA at that point enters the core of the tainted cell, and incorporates into the host chromosome indiscriminately areas. The incorporated DNA duplicate is called provirus. At the left finish of all retroviral RNA genomes comprises of the arrangement R and U5, and U3 and R at the correct end. Ground-breaking enhancer and advertiser components are situated in the U5 and U3 arrangements (Fig 13.3). During proviral DNA amalgamation by switch transcriptase, the end arrangements are copied to create long terminal rehashes of U3-R-U5 (LTRs in Fig 13.3 ), which contain a significant number of the interpretation administrative signs for the viral succession. The two finishes of the proviral DNA are ligated to deliver a circle, a twofold abandoned atom wherein the two LTRs are close to one another. Stunned scratches are made in both viral and cell DNAs, and joining of the viral DNA starts. The viral DNA closes joined through recombination. Coordination happens now, and single abandoned holes are ligated. The combination of retrovirus proviral DNA brings about a duplication of DNA at the objective site, creating short, direct rehashes in the host cell DNA flanking the provirus. The proviral DNA is translated by have RNA polymerase II, after joining into the host DNA. The retroviruses have three protein-coding qualities for the infection life cycle: muffle, pol, and env (Fig 13.3). The stifler quality encodes an antecedent protein that is cut to create infection molecule protein. The pol quality encodes a forerunner protein which creates a compound called turn around transcriptase, required for the coordination of the proviral DNA into the host chromosome. The env quality encodes the antecedent to the encompass glycoprotein. The descendants infection particles are delivered when translation results of the whole coordinated viral DNA are pressed into new popular particles. The new infection particles are discharged and can contaminate new host cells. A retrovirus may actuate malignant growth in the host cells through two unique ways. Initially, the proviral DNA may incorporate by chance close to one of the cell’s typical proto-oncogenes. The solid enhancers and advertisers in the provirus at that point animate translation of proto-oncogenes present in the host cell at significant levels or at improper planning. This prompts incitement of host-cell multiplication. Second, a retrovirus may get a duplicate of a host proto-oncogene and incorporates it into its genome (Fig 13.4). The coordinated oncogene may change during the procedure of move into the infection, or it might be communicated at anomalous levels, because of activity of the viral advertisers. Retroviruses that convey these viral oncogenes can taint and change ordinary cells into tumor cells. Distinctive oncogenic retroviruses convey various oncogenes. Most oncogenic retroviruses can't reproduce as they don't have a full arrangement of life-cycle qualities. Therefore they can't change development properties of the host cells. They are called nononcogenic retroviruses. HIV-1 is a nononcogenic retrovirus. Despite what might be expected, RSV is an oncogenic retrovirus as it can imitate its oncogenes and can influence the development and division of the tainted host cells. Viral oncog

Essay on Chinatown Essays

Paper on Chinatown Essays Article on Chinatown Paper Article on Chinatown Paper Paper Topic: Chinatown After numerous long stretches of starvation and destitution tormenting the place that is known for Chinahundreds of thousands of Chinese in look for of chance started moving to the United States.Many persuaded by the disclosure of gold in California others went to the United States to look for better financial chance. However there were others that were constrained to leave China either as provisional worker or outcasts. The Chinese carried with them their language, culture, social foundations, and customs. After some time they made enduring commitments to their embraced nation and attempted to turn into a necessary piece of the United States populace. In the eighteenth century, Chinese green tea turned out to be mainstream among Europeans and Americans. Chinese silk and porcelain were additionally in extraordinary interest. The Chinese, then again, required basically nothing the west brought to the table. This made an irregularity of exchange, particularly terrible for the British, who were fatigued of sending shiploads of silver to Hong Kong. Their answer was to build up an outsider trade,exchanging their product in India and Southeast Asia for cotton and opium, which became invited in China as money, regardless of the Imperial Chinese denial on opium. During the mid 1800s opium dependence arrived at pestilence extents in China. It turned out to be so well known the British started utilizing itinstead of cash. By and by In 1839 the Qing government, following a time of fruitless enemy of opium crusades, sanctioned radical laws against the opium exchange. Their chief, Lin Zexu, seized and demolished somewhere in the range of 20,000 chests of opium and confined the whole remote network. The British fought back brutally assaulting and sufficiently crushing the ill-equipped Chinese, constraining them to sign thefirst of what the Chinese named the inconsistent treaties.As an outcome Hong Kong turned into a British region. Britain was given most-supported country status, and British nationals were absolved from Chinese law.

Essay Sample Purpose of education

Essay Sample Purpose of education Why do we have to study at schools, colleges, and universities? From the early childhood, we hear the same words: “Study hard”, “Enter a good college”, and “Get a good job”. It seems that all of the generations are obsessed with the education. Yet, very often parents and teachers forget to explain why it is really important to get a good education. Is it a successful career that should be a final result, or there is something else that is more important in this life? From the ancient times, a lot of the philosophers and ordinary people had debates about the purpose of the education. In general, there are two points of views. The first one states that education is necessary only to become a professional in some sphere, like engineering, teaching, photographing, cooking, medicine, etc.. In most of the cases, parents and teachers say exactly this. A great number of people believe that without a proper education it is impossible to get a well-paid job. However, such people doesn’t believe that knowledge is everything what they need, they know for sure that it is necessary to have a good diploma, otherwise, it is impossible to become a successful person. There is some truth in this words, but this meaning is too narrow. What about people, who didn’t study at any college or university but became the great scientists and inventors. It is possible to gain a good education but not necessarily in schools, colleges, and universities. People can study by themselves or with the help of the tutors. Some of the individuals see such methods more effective than spend their young years at the institutions of higher education. Does it mean that if you want to be a farmer you don’t need to graduate a college? It can be more than enough for a farmer to finish a school and just get to know everything about farming in practice. However, it will be very useful to get a higher education too. The second meaning states that education is necessary for some social, intellectual, cultural, and academic purpose. This theory is much closer to the truth. Nicholas Negroponte, the well-known professor, sees the purpose of education in solving global problems. It isn’t something that every person should have, but it is something that every all smart people have. This world isn’t perfect and there are a great number of problems that people need to solve and a great number of things that people should find out. Education is something that can lead to the right answers and decisions. Apart from this, when one person isn’t educated and doesn’t have critical thinking, it isn’t problem. Yet, if there are a lot of such people, it is a big problem because it is very easy to manipulate them. Every subject taught at schools, colleges and universities give us a lesson. It is not necessary to remember all of the historical dates, names of the famous scholars, or names of all of the animals, but it is necessary to understand what is the most important in these lessons. Without understanding this world, it is very difficult to change it for better. Knowledge and education have a very close connection. Yet, they are not identical. It is possible to become a smart, great and successful person without higher education, but it is impossible to become an educated person without knowledge. Education is something that makes our world more developed and people smarter. For this reason, it is good that nowadays almost everyone has a chance to enter a college he or she wants. Now, it is just necessary to understand this and begin to accept it seriously.

Importance of the Lotus Flower in Chinese Culture

The lotus’ importance comes from Buddhism, and is one of the eight precious things in Buddhism. The lotus is said to bloom in Beijing on lunar April 8 (the Buddha’s birthday) and lunar January 8 is Lotus Day. A cultural taboo related to the lotus is  if a woman sews on lunar Lotus Day, she will have menstrual trouble. The lotus (è“ ®Ã¨Å  ±, lià ¡n huÄ , è  ·Ã¨Å  ±, hà © huÄ ) is known as the gentleman’s flower because it grows out from the mud, pure and unstained. The he in a man’s name indicates he is either a Buddhist or connected to Buddhism. The he in a woman’s name is a wish that she be pure and respected. è“ ® (lià ¡n) sounds similar to è  ¯ (lià ¡n, to bind, connect as in marriage); 戀(lià  n) means to love while Ã¥ »â€° (lià ¡n) means modesty; è  · (hà ©)sounds similar to å’Å' ( hà ©, also, one after another, uninterrupted). trouble. In Buddhism, the Lotus Symbolizes: One who comes out of mire but is not sulliedInwardly empty, outwardly uprightPurityFruit, flower and the stalk of the lotus past, present and future Famous Pictures and Sayings Related to the Lotus Lotus bloom with a leaf and bud means a complete union.Magpie sitting on the stamens of a blown lotus and picking seeds: xiguo may you have the joy (xi) of passing one exam (guo) after another (lian)A boy with a carp (yu) beside a lotus (lian) means may you have abundance (yu) year in and year out (lian).Two lotus blooms or a lotus and a blossom on one stem means wish for shared heart and harmony, because è  · (hà ©) means union.A lotus (which represents a girl) and a fish (symbolizing a boy) means love.Red lotus blossom symbolizes the female genitals, and courtesans were often called red lotus.Lotus stem symbolizes the male genitalsA blue lotus stem (qing) symbolizes cleanliness and modestyLotus symbolizes He Xian-gu.The picture of a man on a boat surrounded by lotus blossoms is writer and philosopher Zhou Dun-yi (1017 to 1073) who liked the flower.

Gun Control Laws Should Not Be Prohibited - 897 Words

Mass shootings and suicides have become a serious occurrence from yearly to daily basis. With all these casualties, most of them were unarmed and killed by some sort of weapon. The outcomes of these events would have been different if they were carrying a gun. The possibilities of protecting themselves would be greater than if they did not. Obviously, having a legal weapon can help protect you and your love ones from a dangerous situation. Throughout history, men have been using and keeping weapons in their homes, which the 2nd Amendment claim that citizens have the right to bear arms. Gun control laws should not be prohibited, but in this case, more strict. Have you, as a citizen, ever wondered what would happen if a burglar broke into your home and in seconds, had you at gunpoint. There is nothing can be done but remain as a hostage in your own home. In a different scenario, those few seconds can help you access your weapon and be ready for any kind of situation. Carrying a weapon in your home protects your family and your property from any types of danger. Having a gun gives them at least a fighting chance in the event that a burglar or home invader manages to get in (Pros and Cons). Other than reinforcing doors and windows, having a gun would be the best choice in protecting your home. Not only that, guns can actually protect from something greater. Mass shootings can occur anywhere these days. We, as citizens of this country, have no idea where these events occur soShow MoreRelatedIs Gun Ownership a Right?1214 Words   |  5 Pagespeople kill people, or do guns kill people? According to the U.S. Constitution, the Second Amendment states that the right to bear arms should not altered.(Bill of Rights). Many American citizens believe this amendment is an individual right, while others believe that it is only a collective right intended to restrict Congress from taking away a states right to self-defense. 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Throughout history different laws and regulations have been made about gun control across all continents on earth. These laws change frequently and will continue to do so till the end of time. Many people are either for or against these laws depending on their religion, moral beliefs and location. Although increasing gun control is used for the protection of citizens, it could be deemed unnecessary to many becauseRead MoreThe History Of Gun Control1605 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"In 1939, Germany established gun control. From 1939 to 1945, six million Jews and seven million others unable to defend themselves were exterminated.† Joe Wurzelbacher. The history of gun control legislation started in the 1920s-1930, which made it so that the states and congress could make laws on gun s, before this congress had no say on guns and this made it possible for them to create laws. The National Firearm Act of 1934 made it so that owners must register any sawed-off shotguns with the TreasuryRead MoreArgumentative Essay Gun Control1410 Words   |  6 Pagesnew proposed gun control laws in the aftermath of the massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newton, Connecticut that occurred on December 14th, 2012. This incident claimed the lives of twenty 1st graders and six adults and has set the government in motion to try to prevent future acts of violence by strengthening gun control laws in the United States (Smith). This has been a topic that has been an extremely emotional debate with people on both sides unwilling to compromise. Gun advocates and

Marijuana Prohibition Canada Free Essays

The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Prohibition Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surroundin g the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a period of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent. Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Mini ster Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†). A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect societies views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place. Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B. C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education. It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions. This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlled Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth. Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/2012/11/20/marijuana_legalization_or_decriminalization_backed_by_most_canadians_poll. html. 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. canada. com/nationalpost/news/story. html? id=67996149-9dee-4a3a-a86e-f7a022274658. . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act. 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. heretohelp. bc. ca/visions/cannabis-vol5/the-legal-history-and-cultural-experience-of-cannabis. 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada How to cite Marijuana Prohibition Canada, Essay examples Marijuana Prohibition Canada Free Essays The Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. There are both positive and negative effects to this law, but I believe the positive effects weigh out the negative and that because of this marijuana will be legal in the near future. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Prohibition Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Marijuana laws in Canada today are unresolved, as superior courts have ruled all cannabis laws to be of â€Å"no force or effect†. Although the federal level of courts have made this ruling it has not caused any changes to other Canadian jurisdictions, the Criminal Code or the Controlled Substances Act. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was passed in 1996 by the government under Prime Minister John Cretien. It is Canada’s federal drug control statue. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including Marijuana. â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act) Canadian laws pertaining to drugs began in 1908 with the opium act, which was replaced by the opium and narcotic drug act in 1920. Marijuana however was not added to the confidential restricted list until 1923. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Marijuana and the laws surroundin g the issue only started to receive attention in the 1930’s and even then it was very minimal. It wasn’t until the 1960’s where problems arose with the law. At this time the maximum penalty for possession of small amounts of cannabis was 6 months n prison and a $1000 fine. A government injury was commissioned and public hearings were held to analyze the law over a period of three years. A report on the findings of this inquiry was published in 1972. The â€Å"La Dain Commission† suggested that penalties for can ibis possession be abolished, but to not legalize the substance. Of course this proposal was denied, along with other potential law reforms over the years. (â€Å"here to help†) In Recent Years the fight for the decriminalization of Marijuana has been more persistent. Research showed that Marijuana for medical use could help a number of ailments and disieses. Medical Marijuana in Canada was made legal in 2001 for things such as HIV, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord disease and injury, anorexia severe pain, seizures and persistent muscle spasms. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) Along with the boost in medical use came a boost in personal use. According to a report from the United Nations Canada is the highest in marijuana use in the industrialized world and more than four times the global rate. â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four Time Global Rate†) In May 2002 Chretien introduced a bill to decriminalize marijuana for personal use. This bill was denied mainly because of pressure from the U. S and a threat to slow down border crossing between the two countries. Paul Martin in 2004 tried to pass an almost identical bill, which was also rejected. (â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada†) It was in 2007 when Justice Mini ster Rob Nicholson and the conservative minority government introduced Bill C-26, which presented mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders (â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act†). A recent poll released by Toronto’s Forum Research showed that majority of Canadians support relaxing marijuana laws. In fact it showed that 65 % of Canadians support either the decriminalization in small amounts or legalization and taxation of the substance. (Ballingall) Unfortunately with the new mandatory minimum sentences it seems our laws do not reflect societies views. (Wood, Antweiler) Although it seems Canadians and Americans are in favour of decriminalizing Marijuana it is important to understand the reason these laws are there in the first place. Marijuana is harmful to ones health and to youth. The president of the Canadian Police Association believes Canadians are trying to decriminalize marijuana prematurely. He says supporters of change are overlooking the risks. â€Å"We don’t have the tools and the training available to us now to ensure that people aren’t driving cars, for example, or operating machinery, while they’re impaired by Marijuana† he said. â€Å" There are all kinds of implications that I don’t think people are considering carefully enough†¦ Its still a harmful substance ultimately† (Ballingall) That being said there are many negative effects to having the prohibition of Marijuana in place. The Union of B. C municipalities passed a resolution summoning research be done looking into the legalization of marijuana. They came to the conclusion that the prohibition has been ineffective in deterring youth use, and production of the plant. (Wood, Antweiler) It seems that other measures need to be taken in order to ensure the youth of Canada don’t use drugs recreationally, and criminalizing marijuana has little effect. Researchers from the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser’s university have estimated B. C’s marijuana market would be worth more than $500 million annually. Unfortunately most of the revenue goes to criminal organizations. (Wood, Antweiler) This number is based on one province alone, think of how much this number would go up if the whole country were involved in their research. The profiting of criminal organizations in turn causes more violence, guns and other illegal activity in the country. If Canada were to legalize and tax cannabis the government would then receive all the profits, this money could fund government programs such as health care, social assistance and education. It would also significantly decrease criminal activity, and save money in courts and jails. One of the main reasons in the past for the prohibition on marijuana was the negative response from the U. S, however there are now 12 states that have decriminalized Marijuana (Wood, Antweiler) meaning there is less pressure from our bordering Country. This and the obvious preference of legalization from Canadian citizens means it is only a matter of time before marijuana is officially decriminalized, taken out of the Controlled Drugs Act, the criminal code and consistent laws in all Canadian jurisdictions. This I believe will come first, and potentially government controlled sales and taxation shortly after. It would be insane for the government to not take seize the opportunity to bring in so much revenue for the country. It seems as though the prolonged struggle to legalize marijuana still needs time and The Controlled Substances Act will remain as it is for a while longer. Although there are potentially many positive effects to decriminalization and controlled sales for taxation It is clear Canada still need the time to prepare to ensure it is done safety, effectively and not detrimental to youth. Canadians may be ready for a change and the government will eventually have to surrender, regardless of minor health issues cannabis causes. Bibliography 1. ) Ballingall, Alex. â€Å"Canada. † Thestar. com. The Toronto Star, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. thestar. com/news/canada/2012/11/20/marijuana_legalization_or_decriminalization_backed_by_most_canadians_poll. html. 2. ) â€Å"Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. † Canadian Pot Use Four times Global Rate. N. p. , 10 July 2007. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. canada. com/nationalpost/news/story. html? id=67996149-9dee-4a3a-a86e-f7a022274658. . ) â€Å"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act. 4. ) Hathaway, Andrew. â€Å"Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis. † Www. heretohelp. ba. ca. N. p. , 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. heretohelp. bc. ca/visions/cannabis-vol5/the-legal-history-and-cultural-experience-of-cannabis. 5. ) â€Å"Legal History of Cannabis in Canada. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_Canada How to cite Marijuana Prohibition Canada, Papers

Improve Business at Camden Based Indian Restaurant

Question: Discuss about theImprove Business at Camden Based Indian Restaurant. Answer: Introduction to Literature review: The Indian food industry has been experiencing enormous growth over the past few years. It has been seen that most of the Indian restaurants have been expanding their business across the global platform (Kang et al. 2012). Without expanding the business into the global market, the organization would not be able to experience huge margin of profit within the limited timeline. It has been seen that the limited global presence of the restaurants business has created difficulties for them in enhancing the market share in an efficient manner. In this context, a brief literature review has been formed based on the different point of views of the previous researcher. The particular assignment has highlighted the discussion of the different topics such as the growth of the Indian restaurants in the UK market, the market opportunities for the restaurants business on the global platform, etc. Topic 1: The Growth of the Indian Restaurants in UK Market By analyzing the UK restaurant market, it can be assessed that the market is expected to reach 48.2bn as of 2014 (Lane 2013). The UK government has discussed that the food industry has been experiencing the enormous growth in recent years due to the enhanced customer demand. There is a large community in the UK consists of Indian citizenship. Therefore, the demand of the Indian restaurants has been growing in an efficient manner. However, at the initial stage, the British did not accept the Indian restaurants due to the uncommon food menu. Gradually, the food preferences of British people have changed. Consequently, the particular industry has been enhancing the business in an appropriate manner. By analyzing the recent business report, it can be assessed that the number of Indian restaurants has increased more than 10000 (Ryu et al. 2012). The Indian restaurants in the UK have been utilizing both domestic and foreign customers in order to enhance the business effectiveness in an app ropriate manner. In most of the cases, the food price has been influencing the British customers to have the food experiences. According to Gupta, Dasgupta and Chaudhuri (2012), the Indian restaurants have been trying to engage the audiences through their delicious food menu. Nowadays, the demands of the good food have been increasing, as most of the communal people faced difficulties in cooking delicious food at home. In a busy life schedule, it becomes challenging to the family members to manage adequate time for cooking. On the other hand, the increased popularity of the Indian restaurants has been facilitating the organizations in engaging a large number of customers in the business. Vij (2012) has argued that the Indian restaurant's chain is very small in compared to the UK or US restaurant chain. However, the spicy and delicious food menu have been contributing extra benefits to the organization in enhancing the business in a structured manner Topic 2: Changing Food Demand: Over the past few years, the food preferences of the British people have been changing is a drastic manner. At the initial stage of the business, the British community has not accepted the Indian restaurants. However, the Indian restaurants have been upholding the quality of the food in order to engage the British people along with the Indian community. Chand and Katou (2012) have agreed with the fact that the food demand has been changing in recent years. Previously, people tried to make their favorite food at home. However, the busy life schedule has made several challenges for the people in managing time for cooking at home. Consequently, the demands of the processed food and the restaurants have been increasingly popular. Due to the enhancement of the restaurant chain in the UK market, the Indian restaurants have initiated footstep in order to establish their food venture in an efficient manner. Gormley, Rawal and Little (2012) have highlighted the fact that the spicy food catego ry has been facilitating the Indian restaurants to increase its popularity across the global platform. Most of the Indian restaurants have been focusing on providing the spicy food menu to the people in order to attract them in an appropriate manner. It has been seen that the dishes like Tandoori Chicken, Seafood special, Tandoori mix grill, etc. have been increasingly popular in the UK market. The food lovers of UK have been favoring these spicy dishes (Chhabra et al. 2013). Moreover, the prices of the dishes are very less in compared to traditional British dishes. Consequently, it facilitates the particular restaurant organizations in enhancing the business opportunities in an effectual manner. Besides the popular Indian dishes, the traditional dishes also capable of engaging the British customers into the business. The prime focus of these Indian restaurants is to engage a huge number of British people for having the spicy and delicious food experiences. Most of the restaurant's owners are aware of the fact that the Indian community living in the UK would favor their food, but it would be quite a difficult task for them to engage the British community in the business. Hence, the restaurants are more cautious to serve the spicy and delicious food to the British community. Topic 3: Globalization of the Indian Restaurant During the mid-century, the Indian restaurants have been experiencing the growth across the international market. Cappellini and Yen (2013) has identified the fact that the Indian cuisines are more supposed to develop business in many countries due to their enhanced food products. It can be assessed that over 10000 restaurants have been enhancing their business opportunities across the global platforms. There is a huge impact on the food industry due to the globalization. in the recent years, the business opportunities for the food industry has been increasing in an effectual manner. Most of the international governments have been providing adequate opportunities to the small and medium enterprises in establishing their business in the international market. For example, the UK government has been providing the huge contribution to the new food ventures coming from different parts of the world in order to enhance the globalization. Chand and Katou (2012) has argued that the involvemen t of the foreign customers in the business indeed influence the restaurant owners in expanding the business in an efficient manner. According to the global food trade, there are huge opportunities for the Indian restaurants to establish the business across the international market. On the other hand, the globally growing population also influences the restaurant business in an effectual manner. Besides this, the immense influence of the multilateral culture has been influencing the restaurants business for expanding across the global platform. Topic 4: Challenges of Indian Restaurants in Establishing Business in UK By discussing the challenging situation of the Indian restaurants, it can be assessed that the financial resource creates the difficulties for business enhancement across the domestic market. At the initial stage of the business, the Indian restaurant owners find difficulties in identifying the destination for establishing the trade in an effectual manner (Gupta, Dasgupta and Chaudhuri 2012). However, the organizations have successfully evaluated the popular destinations in the UK for the establishment of the business. For example, Camden in London has become one of the favorite destinations for the Indian restaurants to start up the business. After identifying the business destination, the organization needs to accumulate the adequate the financial resources for establishing the trade in a structured manner. For achieving the success in the foreign market, the Indian restaurants need to utilize the huge financial resources at the initial stage. Hence, it becomes difficult situation for most of the small and medium enterprises, as they often fail to arrange such business requirements. Besides this, the new restaurants also need to follow the guideline of the UK government in order to execute the business in an efficient manner (Lane 2013). In most of the cases, the foreign organizations face difficulties to set up a new business due to the different legislations. After the establishment of the business in the foreign market, the restaurants need to identify the potential customers. Without identifying the customers, the restaurants would not be able to experience proper expansion in the business. The Indian restaurants, at the initial stage, find difficulties in engaging the British customers into the business. For accessing the market in an efficient manner, the restaurant chain needs to identify the flaws in the business. Hence, it can be assessed that the Indian restaurants have to face immense challenges in opening a new food venture in the UK. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the particular assignment has focused on developing a literature review on the improvement of the Indian restaurants in the overseas market. Throughout this assignment, a different point of views of the previous researcher has been highlighted in context to the growth of the Indian restaurants in the overseas market like UK. The growth of the Indian restaurants has been discussed in an efficient manner along with the changing food nature of the British community. Over the past decade, the British community has preferred the spicy and delicious food of India. Due to the diversified food menu, most of the British people have been showing adequate interest on having the delicious food experiences from the Indian multi cuisine restaurants. The particular research paper has highlighted the enormous growth opportunities of the Indian restaurants in the UK market. References: Cappellini, B. and Yen, D.A.W., 2013. Little Emperors in the UK: Acculturation and food over time.Journal of Business Research,66(8), pp.968-974. Chand, M. and Katou, A.A., 2012. Strategic determinants for the selection of partner alliances in the Indian tour operator industry: A cross-national study.Journal of World Business,47(2), pp.167-177. Chhabra, D., Lee, W., Zhao, S. and Scott, K., 2013. Marketing of ethnic food experiences: Authentication analysis of Indian cuisine abroad.Journal of Heritage Tourism,8(2-3), pp.145-157. Fielding, S.A., 2014. Currying Flavor: Authenticity, Cultural Capital, and the Rise of Indian Food in the United Kingdom. InThe Paradox of Authenticity in a Globalized World(pp. 35-52). Palgrave Macmillan US. Gormley, F.J., Rawal, N. and Little, C.L., 2012. Choose your menu wisely: cuisine-associated food-poisoning risks in restaurants in England and Wales.Epidemiology and infection,140(06), pp.997-1007. Gupta, S., Dasgupta, S. and Chaudhuri, R., 2012. Critical success factors for experiential marketing: evidences from the Indian hospitality industry.International Journal of Services and Operations Management,11(3), pp.314-334. Kang, K.H., Stein, L., Heo, C.Y. and Lee, S., 2012. Consumers willingness to pay for green initiatives of the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(2), pp.564-572. Lane, C., 2013. Taste makers in the fine-dining restaurant industry: The attribution of aesthetic and economic value by gastronomic guides.Poetics,41(4), pp.342-365. Ryu, K., Lee, H.R. and Gon Kim, W., 2012. The influence of the quality of the physical environment, food, and service on restaurant image, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,24(2), pp.200-223. Vij, M., 2012. A survey of factors influencing cost structures in the Indian hotel sector.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,4(5), pp.449-462.

Stratasys Company

Five Forces Analysis It is necessary to note that Stratasys captured the value due to the innovative nature of the product and services provided as well due to the company’s approach. Remarkably, innovation is the core value of the organization as it was launched after Scott Crump’s (the founder of Stratasys) attempt to make a toy for his child in his kitchen (Stratasys is shaping our world, 2015).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stratasys Company – How Value is Captured specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 2014, the company’s revenue was almost $750 million and the full year earnings per share was around $2 (McGrath, 2015). It is possible to implement the five forces analysis to understand the way the company captured the value. Supplier Power One of the powers that can affect the company’s performance is the supplier power. Notably, companies try to create a chain of vendors wh o have the necessary capacity as well certification to provide high-quality components (Gibson, Rosen Stucker, 2014). As has been mentioned above, the company was launched after its founder patented the principal element in the process of 3D printing. FDM is the process utilized to produce 3D elements from 3D CAD files, which is easy and efficient. Notably, the company can obtain materials for the development of its products from a broad range of suppliers. Therefore, Stratasys can easily change suppliers, which happened in the 2000s (Nelson, 2004). Vertical integration played a significant role in the creation of the favorable position of the organization that is not dependent on particular suppliers. Several mergers and acquisitions that have been implemented throughout the history of the company contributed to its vertical integration (Stratasys is shaping our world, 2015). Buyer Power Buyer power is a significant factor that has an impact on the development of the company. Stra tasys focuses on the provision of its products and services to large enterprises in such sphere as industry and medical as well as scientific research (see fig. 1). It is noteworthy that the business provides its products and services in such spheres as aerospace, automotive, architecture, dental, commercial and consumer products prototyping, education, entertainment, defense, medical device prototyping (Stratasys is shaping our world, 2015). Therefore, the buyer has quite limited power over Stratasys as there are still many customers, and the company’s position is favorable in this respect as well. However, those are big companies that can afford to buy such expensive technologies. Making their products more affordable for smaller businesses and even households will enable the company to gain a leading position in the market. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig. 1. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry. Source: (Srivatsan, Maningandan Sudarshan, 2015). Competitive Rivalry It is necessary to note that the market for 3D printing and additive technology is rapidly evolving. Thus, according to the recent report, the industry will grow up to $20 billion by 2020 (Srivatsan et al., 2015). It is also quite a competitive market as there are more than 60 companies worldwide providing â€Å"more than 66,000 professional-grade additive manufacturing systems for eight industrial sectors† (Srivatsan et al., 2015, p. 28). Nonetheless, Stratasys has been one of the leaders in the field, and it holds its position due to its efficient policy. The company has implemented a number of mergers and acquisitions. For instance, it merged with one of its competitors, Objet, and purchased another rival, MakerBot in the late 2000s (Sharma, 2013). This horizontal integration leads to the disappearance of serious competitors. It also strength ens the company’s position in the market. Threat of Substitution The industry is quite new and, hence, the chances 3D technology can be substituted in the near future are quite slim. Importantly, although 3D printing is unlikely to replace 2D printing in the short- and even long-term perspective, the former will acquire more popularity in such spheres as architecture, entertainment, medical and scientific research and automotive industry. At the same time, there are new industries developing at a high pace. For instance, injection molding, CNC or laser cutting can be a serious threat to 3D printing (Lipson Kurman, 2013). Thus, CNC is associated with high accuracy and the use of the software employed in many companies (CAD and CAM). Laser cutting can also be more helpful than 3D printing in the development of many components. Development of components is automated and, therefore, highly efficient. Injection molding is a technology similar to 3D printing, and it has a signific ant potential. These innovations enable people to optimize many processes (Handerson, 2004). The technologies are developing quite rapidly, and new applications are found. Therefore, Stratasys should take into account the threat associated with the innovations mentioned above. Otherwise, the organization can lose its leading position in the market. Threat of New Entry Clearly, like any developing market, the market of additive manufacture and 3D printing is characterized by the entrance of new players. There are high chances that new companies will enter the market and evolve into serious competitors (Srivatsan et al., 2015). Many smaller companies are unable to remain competitive due to the lack of the capital.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stratasys Company – How Value is Captured specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, they are often merged. However, in some cases, rivals of the company collabora te, which leads to enhancement of their positions in the market (Eisenhardt Galunic, 2000). It is also important to note that availability of skilled labor force enables companies to operate more efficiently. More so, the technological development provides a variety of opportunities, and new players can enter the market (Eisenhardt Brown, 1999). The industry is expanding as researchers identify various applications of 3D printing (Bassoli, 2007). However, if the company continues its efficient policy of vertical and horizontal integration, it will be able to keep its leading position. Capturing the Value The brief analysis provided shows that the major elements of the company’s capturing the value have been innovation, acquisitions, and mergers. The company develops new products and services. It also aims at the development of technologies available to wider audiences. Acquiring smaller (but successful) enterprises as well as merging with serious competitors, Stratasys has managed to remain one of the leaders in the field. The company has improved its operations through vertical as well as horizontal integration. Stratasys is trying to acquire the necessary facilities to achieve maximum vertical integration. For instance, the organization acquired the company producing thermoplastic materials, Interfacial Solutions (Stratasys strengthens materials development capabilities, 2014). It is noteworthy that Interfacial Solutions had been the company’s partner for several years. Thus, Stratasys acknowledged the efficiency of the facility and the acquisition of assets of this company contributed to the vertical integration of the leader in the market. There are various other small companies that can enable Stratasys to complete its vertical integration (Tranchard Rojas, 2015). As far as mergers are concerned, there are a few options at the moment. However, the company can enter various collaborations with such giants as HP, Microsoft, Google. Such col laboration helps companies to use innovative technology and strategy and benefit from the use of new approaches (Tushman Smith, 2002). It also gained the reputation of the reliable and responsible organization, which leads to the development of proper relationships with the company’s partners. It is important to add that the vast majority of enterprises in the industry also focus on innovation, which is the key to success in 3D printing and additive manufacture (ASTM additive manufacturing standards, 2015).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, IBM and HP, some of the primary competitors of Stratasys, have developed similar technologies and they also make steps in horizontal integration. It is possible to assume that the winner of the race will be the company that is the most successful in these two areas. Development of new products and services, as well as the search for new implications, will enable companies to gain (or keep) the leading position in the market. Uniqueness and Complementary Assets Apparently, uniqueness has played the central role in the development of the company as well as the entire industry. As far as the industry is concerned, it is possible to note that people got used to the printing technology, and 3D printing turned out to be revolutionary. Importantly, it had various implications. Such industries as automotive, architecture and commercial goods development benefited from the development of additive manufacture most. The primary buyers of the technology are companies involved in the aeros pace industry and medical (especially dental) research (Srivatsan et al., 2015). The prototypes could be detailed, and the production was automatized. Now, 3D technology is used for manufacturing purposes as well. When it comes to the company, its uniqueness also had an enormous impact on its development. Thus, the creation of FDM ensured a significant competitive advantage. Stratasys could provide high-quality products and services that were gaining immense popularity. The use of 3D technology in medicine and innovative approach of Stratasys contributed to the uniqueness of the company (Rengier, 2010). Importantly, speed is another essential element that contributed to the development of the industry. Additive manufacture provides such advantages as the reduction of waste and energy consumption, decreased marketing time, just-in-time production and so on. There is no need to spend months developing prototypes as people are now able to create a prototype within hours. Apparently, th is makes their products’ cost-effectiveness significantly higher. Moreover, in many cases, companies do not need to look for producers of certain elements of their products as they are capable of developing these components utilizing 3D printers. The company can also be characterized by a number of complementary assets that ensured its growth. First, Stratasys earned the reputation of an innovative and reliable company during its early years. This status encouraged many companies to buy from this firm rather than from its competitors who were less famous or reliable (Nelson, 2004). Apart from that, the company has developed efficient distributional channels, which can be seen as another important complementary asset (Gibson et al., 2014). The Minnesota-based company provides its products and services worldwide, which makes it one of the leaders in the market. Furthermore, the complementary asset of the company is the provision of co-producing power to the consumer (Gibson et al., 2014). The technology provides a broad range of possibilities to users of 3D printers as they can create new shapes quite easily. It is also important to add that the company has online stores that enable customers to purchase products easily. Another important complementary asset is the compatibility of the technology with such software as Windows, Linux and so on. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to note that Stratasys has been a leader in the field of additive manufacture and 3D technology due to its focus on innovation and vertical as well as horizontal integration. Clearly, the company has to take into account various threats such as new entrants and empowerment of competitors. The organization provides high-quality products that are gaining more and more popularity. Stratasys also plans to develop more affordable 3D printers that will expand the market significantly. Reference List ASTM additive manufacturing standards: What you need to know. (2015). Retrieved fro m https://www.stratasysdirect.com/blog/astm-standards/ Bassoli, E. (2007). 3D printing technique applied to rapid casting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 13(3), 148-155. Eisenhardt, K., Brown, S. (1999). Patching: Restitching business portfolios in dynamic markets. Harvard Business Review, 1(1), 1-19. Eisenhardt, K., Galunic, C. (2000). Coevolving: At last, a way to make synergies work. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 21-35. Gibson, I., Rosen, D., Stucker, B. Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing. Atlanta, GA: Springer, 2014. Print. Handerson, R. (2004). Going for growth: Managing discontinuous innovation. New York, NY: Springer. Lipson, H., Kurman, M. (2013). Fabricated: The new world of 3D printing. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. McGrath, M. (2015, February 3). Stratasys tanking more than 30% on slashed guidance. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2015/02/03/stratasys-tanking-more-than-3 0-on-slashed-guidance/ Nelson, B. (2004, September 20). Almost out of the Woods. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/0920/208.html Rengier, F. (2010). 3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 5(4), 335-341. Sharma, R. (2013, September 24). The real reason Stratasys bought MakerBot. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/rakeshsharma/2013/09/24/stratasys-bold-moves-a-conversation-with-company-chairman-scott-crump/ Srivatsan, T.S., Maningandan, K., Sudarshan, T.S. (2015). Additive manufacturing of materials: Viable techniques, metals, advances, advantages, and applications. In T.S. Srivatsan T.S. Sudarshan (Eds.), Additive manufacturing: Innovations, advances, and applications (pp. 1-49). Natick, MA: CRC Press. Stratasys is shaping our world. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.stratasys.com/corporate/about-us Stratasys strengthens materials development capabili ties with the asset acquisition of Interfacial Solutions. (2014). Retrieved from http://investors.stratasys.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=838064 Tranchard, S., Rojas, V. (2015). Manufacturing our 3D future. Retrieved from http://www.iso.org/iso/news.htm?refid=Ref1956 Tushman, M., Smith, W. (2002). Organizational technology: Technological change, ambidextrous organizations and organizational evolution. London, UK: Oxford University Press. This essay on Stratasys Company – How Value is Captured was written and submitted by user Sincere Schmidt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tin Facts (Atomic Number 50 or Sn)

Tin Facts (Atomic Number 50 or Sn) Tin is silver or gray metal with atomic number 50 and element symbol Sn. It is known for its use for early canned goods and in the manufacture of bronze and pewter. Here is a collection of tin element facts. Fast Facts: Tin Element Name: TinElement Symbol: SnAtomic Number: 50Atomic Weight: 118.71Appearance: Silver metal (alpha, ÃŽ ±) or gray metal (beta, ÃŽ ²)Group: Group 14 (Carbon Group)Period: Period 5Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2Discovery: Known to mankind since around 3500 BCE Tin  Basic Facts Tin has been known since ancient times. The first tin alloy to gain widespread use was bronze, an alloy of tin and copper. Humans knew how to make bronze as early as 3000 BCE. Word Origin: Anglo-Saxon tin, Latin stannum, both names for the element tin. Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; denoted by the Latin symbol for stannum. Isotopes: Many isotopes of tin are known. Ordinary tin is composed of ten stable isotopes. Twenty-nine unstable isotopes have been recognized and 30 metastable isomers exist. Tin has the greatest number of stable isotopes of any element, due to its atomic number, which is a magic number in nuclear physics. Properties: Tin has a melting point of 231.9681 °C, boiling point of 2270 °C, specific gravity (gray) of 5.75 or (white) 7.31, with a valence of 2 or 4. Tin is a malleable silvery-white metal which takes a high polish. It possesses a highly crystalline structure and is moderately ductile. When a bar of tin is bent, the crystals break, producing a characteristic tin cry. Two or three allotropic forms of tin exist. Gray or a tin has a cubic structure. Upon warming, at 13.2 °C gray tin changes to white or b tin, which has a tetragonal structure. This transition from the a to the b form is termed the tin pest. A g form may exist between 161 °C and the melting point. When tin is cooled below 13.2 °C, it slowly changes from the white form to the gray form, although the transition is affected by impurities such as zinc or aluminum and can be prevented if small amounts of bismuth or antimony are present. Tin is resistant to attack by sea, distilled, or soft tap water, but it will c orrode in strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. The presence of oxygen in a solution accelerates the rate of corrosion. Uses: Tin is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion. Tin plate over steel is use to make corrosion-resistant cans for food. Some of the important alloys of tin are soft solder, fusible metal, type metal, bronze, pewter, Babbitt metal, bell metal, die casting alloy, White metal, and phosphor bronze. The chloride SnCl ·H2O is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant for printing calico. Tin salts may be sprayed onto glass to produce electrically conductive coatings. Molten tin is used to float molten glass to produce window glass. Crystalline tin-niobium alloys are superconductive at very low temperatures. Sources: The primary source of tin is cassiterite (SnO2). Tin is obtained by reducing its ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Toxicity: Elemental tin metal, its salts, and its oxides present low toxicity. Tin-plated steel cans are still widely used for food preservation. Exposure levels of 100 mg/m3 are considered immediately dangerous. Legal permissible exposure from contact or inhalation is typically set around 2 mg/m3 per 8-hour work day. In contrast, organotin compounds are highly toxic, on par with that of cyanide. Organotin compounds are used to stabilize PVC, in organic chemistry, to make lithium ion batteries, and as biocidal agents. Tin  Physical Data Element Classification: MetalDensity (g/cc): 7.31Melting Point (K): 505.1Boiling Point (K): 2543Appearance: silvery-white, soft, malleable, ductile metalAtomic Radius (pm): 162Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 16.3Covalent Radius (pm): 141Ionic Radius: 71 (4e) 93 (2)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.222Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 7.07Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 296Debye Temperature (K): 170.00Pauling Negativity Number: 1.96First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 708.2Oxidation States: 4, 2Lattice Structure: TetragonalLattice Constant (Ã…): 5.820 Sources Emsley, John (2001). Tin. Natures Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 445–450. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

12-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

12-1 - Assignment Example The bidding assists us on quality equipment, supplies and services. This will help limit cases of fraud and abuses of office by those who are mandated with ensuring supplies are made to the company. In this particular scenario, one can tell that the contractor and the health facility are the major players in the process of coming up with ways of ensuring transparency in the process. However, patients are the main beneficiaries of supplies since they require the facilities to keep fit. Medicare is the way in which patients will pay for the services they get. The coverage is very important to all because it makes it easier for them to get treatment. Equipment supplied to the facility have to be included in the Medicare program but have to be accounted for before one can look at the probability of benefitting from these services (Michael, 2004). The most fundamental thing that one has to contend with is the fact that the terms and conditions that are set apart by the companies which par ticipate in the agreement, have to adhere to the terms they state in the documents. The parties involved in this agreement are mainly the suppliers and the facility. Many contracts have been cited as being done in fraudulent ways making many institutions to lose a great deal of their financial resources. This is where the competitive bidding comes in to ensure that the best is chosen to conduct the supplies and involve the public in making decisions for effective services. In the long run, patients end up paying for the amount of money spent in handling these processes given that they are charged for services offered. They must be involved in the process and included in making it a routine to use the Medicare program to educate them on ways of identifying the best services and how they can control what goes on in the facility (Michael, 2004). The patient has to make private arrangements between them and the suppliers

Mid-Term Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Mid-Term Exam - Essay Example On the other hand, there are data that lead to the assumption that race can be a decisive criterion for the criminal behaviour against juveniles. The views of the theory do not seem to agree totally on such an aspect, however it would be rather difficult to formulate a precise assumption since the identification of the exact reasons of a specific criminal behaviour can just assumed (as already explained above). A series of issues like the personal experiences and the stress can severely affect human behaviour and in these terms the criminal behaviour against juveniles could not be considered as having a particular cause. However, the weakness of juveniles to respond to the attack (psychological or physical) is regarded as a common reason for the development of criminal behaviour against them. In the case of suicide, it is also this weakness of juveniles to respond to the pressure of a particular difficulty. The statistics involving in the criminal behaviour against juveniles are indicative of the extension of the problem. More specifically, in accordance with a series of statistics published by the Youth Violence Research Bulletin (2004) ‘between 1981 and 1998, 20,775 juveniles ages 7–17 committed suicide in the United States—nearly as many as were homicide or cancer victims; males were the victims in 78% of these juvenile suicides; over the same period, the suicide rate for American Indian juveniles was far higher than for any other race’. It seems from the above figures that there is a relation between suicide and race. Conditions of living or work can be considered as potential reasons for the above differentiation. Towards the same direction, in a research made by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention it has been found that ‘a white juvenile between ages 7 and 17 was nearly 1.5 times more likely to commit

Development of Logistics Industry in China

Development of Logistics Industry in China Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background With the expansion of the globalization and the rapid development of the Information Technology (IT), the logistics industry has become one of the most important industries in the 21st century. The scope and role of logistics have changed dramatically over recent years. In the past, logistics played a supportive role to primary activities such as marketing and manufacturing. Now logistics has expanded from its traditional aspects: transportation and warehousing to purchasing, distribution, storage management, packaging, manufacturing and customer service. More importantly, the role of logistics has changed from cost absorbing to an important of competitive advantage for logistics companies. Modern theory of logistics in China was introduced in 1980s. Since its economic reformed and opened up in 1978, Chinas economy keeps booming, with a growth rate of nearly 10% in annual GDP which has become a global manufacturing centre. (Appendix 1) After China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, foreign companies were allowed to invest in China at the beginning but only in form of joint ventures that Chinese partner took up the majority. At the end of 2005, this restriction was completely phased out. At present, state-owned, private, and foreign logistics companies are all equally allowed to entry and compete in logistics industry in China. Chinas logistic industry has been experiencing fast growth because of sustainable economic growth. The logistics industry reported an annual growth rate of 31% in 1999, 35% in 2000, and 55% in 2001, and was expected to continue to expand rapidly in the future. (LI FUNG RESEARCH CENTRE, 2008) According to Exhibit 1, the average annual growth rate of the logistics industry in China was 22.2%, added value has reached to RMB 1.4 trillion in 2006 up 13.9% over 2005; and in 2007, the added value even reached to near 1.7 trillion up 20% over 2006. It is expected that Chinas logistics market value will continue to maintain an annual growth of 20% in 2010. Exhibit1: Total volume and growth of Chinas logistics industry 1.2 Total logistics market size The GDP of China was above RMB 10 trillion in 2002 that achieved a real growth of 8%. In the 10th Five-year Plan, China government is forecasting an average growth rate 7% per year from 2002-2007. According to the forecasts by State Development Planning Commission (SDPC), the GDP will be quadruple, about US$4.3 Trillion by 2020. In a detailed survey by the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing (CFLP), the total logistics market was estimated at RMB1, 788 billion, 20% of the GDP in 2000. In 2002, it was estimated that the total logistics market of China were about RMB 2 trillion. According to HK Trade Development Council, leading logistics companies in China such as UPS, FedEx and DHL-Sinotrans have all recorded annual growths in over 30% on operations in China and there are more outsourcing contributes to the growth of professional logistics companies. 1.3 Players in the China Logistics Market Chinas logistics market is fragmented. Government registration shows there are about 700,000 logistics companies in China and many of them are small, poorly managed with fundamental infrastructure and technology. (Alan Dixon, 2008) Those of the players are lack of nationwide competences and customer target is narrow which mainly focus on simple transportation and warehousing activities. Competition is intense, especially in the low-end market. Traditionally, Chinas logistics market is dominated by the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) which provide 90% of the logistics services in China. 1.3.1 State-Owned Players There are many state-owned players in China logistics market. Before China joined WTO, Chinas logistics industry was a monopoly industry which could only be managed by state-owned enterprises (SOEs), mostly for transpiration and warehousing. The characteristics of the SOEs are small-scale local enterprises, slow product renovation, poor management, production plans following from various government agencies. Because of government investment and monopolistic operation, these enterprises obtained large assets and became relatively large-scale business organizations. Relying on their sufficiency capital and existing market share, these enterprises became leaders in China logistics industry at that time. The following is a list of SOEs that ranked top 5 in 2008 in China logistics industry: China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO); China Railway Express Company Limited (CREC); China Post Logistics Company Limited (CPLC); China Railway Container Transport Company Limited (CRCTC). COSCO Logistics COSCO Logistics is a branch of China Ocean Shipping Company (COSCO) which was established in 2002. Because of the existing market share and advantaged infrastructure, it ranked number 1 in China logistics companies from 2002 to 2008. (Cen, 2005) COSCO Logistics has 300 logistics facilities, covering 90% of the China market and the competitive advantage is shipping transport. 1.3.2 Private Players Since the mid-1990s, Chinas private domestic logistics firms started to develop themselves such as St-Anda, PGL, China Overseas logistics and so on. The private logistics companies are in medium-size which keeps the rapid growth in the market because of achieving in efficiency and effectiveness and they are more focused on geographies, service and customers. But they are lack of sufficient financial supporting for market expansion and ineffective management to support high growth and profitability. (Fu. and Gwi, 2004) EAS International Transportation Ltd (Shanghai). This company was established in 1985. In the past twenty years, EAS has acquired tremendous achievement in building the unique operation platform to develop modern logistics business according to the demand of customers. 1.3.3 International Logistics Players (ILCs) Although the domestic companies dominate the general China logistics market, ILCs are also playing a very important role and their market shares are increasing rapidly. The most famous international logistics players in China are: DHL, TNT, UPS, FedEx and so on. DHL DHL entered China in 1981 and in 1986 it used joint venture with Sinotrans, one of the biggest SOEs in China logistics industry. DHL-Sinotrans has the biggest market shares in courier service. In the past twenty years, DHL has invested about $273 million in China. (Cen, 2005) Nowadays, many foreign logistics organizations have built good relationship with Chinese logistics companies by using joint ventures. Foreign companies have competitive advantage in technology and management, when they are integrated with experiences and existing service network of Chinese firms that they could be brought into full play. Therefore, Chinese logistics companies usually face Merge and acquisition (MA) risk. Many inland Chinese cities offer lots of commercial opportunities to foreign logistics companies but it need time for foreign companies to fully penetrate into the Chinese market. 1.3.4 Third Party Logistics companies (TPLs) Third Party Logistics companies (TPL) is a new concept for most of the Chinese companies. A TPL company normally provides process-base services rather than a function-base logistics service, which generally toward to the integration and fully control of a part or whole process of customers logistics network. (Fu. and Gwi, 2004) Because small or middle sized companies may not always achieve economics of scale in operating, which is even one of the advantages for third-party logistics companies. But due to the fundamental infrastructure of China logistics industry and developing technology, the TPLs are still need time to further improve the internal management in order to be expert in handling business. 1.4 Major modes of Transport in China After enter 21st century, the construction of transport infrastructure keeps rapidly increasing in China. 1.4.1 Ports Since China government opened ports to foreign investment companies in 2002, Chinese port facilities had taken huge steps that tremendous increased the capacity. In 2003, the total investment in Chinese port construction was US$2.2 billion, and in 2004, the Ministry of Communication has reported this figure was to reach nearly US$4.3 billion. Currently, Chinas coastal cities such as Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, which dominant regional logistics centres are completed new berths building. (Exhibit 2) In Shanghai for example, in 2003 the container throughput are 11.28 million Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) that is expected to increase to 14.5million TEUs in 2004 and in 2005, the TEUs of capacity has expanded 2M more. (Richard Brubaker ¼Ã…’2005) Although such huge investment and abroad expansion, Chinese ports need to keep up with the increasing demand by use foreign terminal operators more. Exhibit 2: Logistics hubs in China. Source: Beijing Readies Logistics Stimulus, 2008 1.4.2 Road China government heavy invests on China transport infrastructure, so the road transport becomes the prior choice for inland distribution. During the Five-year Plan from 2001 to 2005, transport infrastructure has been built significantly including 250,000 kilometers of highways and 24,700 kilometers of expressways. (Fu. and Gwi., 2004) By the end of 2006, the total length Chinese highway has reached 3,457,000 kilometers and 77,000 kilometers of railways. 1.4.3 Rail Compare with China road and port infrastructure, Chinas railway infrastructure has received relatively low levels of investment. The Ministry of Railways plans to increase Chinas existing rail network from 72,000 km to 100,000 km by 2020. (Woosir, 2009) Use of the Chinese rail system increased 6% year on year from 2003 to 2004, the modest increase is because the weak demand of rail transportation. There are many problems cause the weak demand for logistics companies, such as poor handling practices, delays, unpredictable delivery times, theft and a general lack of infrastructure. However, despite these issues exist, the heavy subsidization still makes Chinas railway become the cheapest transportation compare with shippers. 1.4.4 Inland Waterways The most significant Infrastructure on inland waterways is the Yangtze River, which increased 8% from 2003 to 2004. (Richard Brubaker ¼Ã…’2005) Yangtze River can handle ships up to 6000 tonnes totally, however, the capacity of canals and low bridges are relative in low level because of the dry season in China. There are many waterway projects such as Gorges Dam which can serve to extent dry seasons and keep water levels low. 1.4.5 Air freight Chinas airfreight sector is developed rapidly which has become the second-large domestics airfreight market in the world. According to Boeings World Air Cargo Forecast, the market has grown at more than 20 percent annually since 1991. (Richard Brubaker ¼Ã…’2005) The airports are fast developed by three economic zones: the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Pearl River Delta (PRD), and the capital city of Beijing. Moreover, the agreement between China mainland and Hong Kong gives Hong Kong airlines greater opportunities that access to the mainland. But the China airfreight is limited by insufficient infrastructure. In the coastal cities, the airfreights are more developed than that in inland cities. 1.5 Statement of the Problems Since China jointed WTO, the logistics industry developed rapidly. But there are lots of problems during the development; here the researcher mainly focuses on cost, productivity and expansion of China logistics industry. 1.5.1 High Cost Since China became one of the members in WTO, China logistics industry developed rapidly which kept high growth among all the industries. But the most important factor that slow down the development of China logistics industry is the high logistics cost. Chinas logistics expenditures took up 20% of the GDP in 2000 whereas logistics spending accounted for 10.3% of United Statess GDP, 14% of Japans GDP, and 10% to 13% of European Unions GGP. (Exhibit 3) The annual growth rate of total logistics expenditures is 10.29% in 2002, 12.99% in 2003, 16.76% in 2004 and 12.86% in 2005. (Song H. and Wang L., 2004) Statistics published by China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing shows that Chinas total logistics expenses reached RMB3.8414 trillion in 2006, up 13.5% year on year at current price, a growth 0.6 percentage points higher than in 2005. The rate of total logistics expense of GDP was 18.3%, 0.2 percentage points lower than in 2005. In 2007, the total logistics cost increased by 18.2% to 4540.6 billion yuan compare with 2006. Exhibit 3: Cost of moving and storing goods (as share of GDP). The total logistics cost in China generally includes three cost components: transportation, inventory storage and management cost. In 2004, the total cost amounted to US$ 352 billion, grew by 16.6% compare with 2005. Of this total, transportation cost took up the largest portion which accounted US$ 200 billion and had the highest growth rate which was 56.9% of total. On the other hand, inventory storage and management cost were US$ 102 billion and US$ 49 billion, accounting for 29.1% and 14% of the total logistics cost respectively (Exhibit 4). Exhibit 4: Total logistics cost and its composition, 2003-2007. Source: CFLP, 2007 Adding the costs of packing, transport, storage and damage cost, the ratio of total logistics costs to total industry production ranges from 40% to 60% in China logistics industry, whereas in the United States this percentage is close to 20% (Zhang Z.Y. and Andres M.F., 2006). So general speaking, the transportation costs in China logistics industry are twice as expensive as in developed countries such as US. Japan and European countries. 1.5.2 Low in productivity The ratio of total logistics cost to GDP represents the efficiency of logistics operation in the economy which means the productivity of logistics industry. It is also used as an indicator to the level of development in logistics industry. In general, the higher the percentage, the less efficient is the logistics industry. Exhibit 5 shows the total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP in the 10th Five-year Plan period (2000-2005) in China. Although the total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP has a downward trend that decreased from 19.4% in 2000 to 18.57% in 2005 and the total cost savings in the 10th Five-year Plan period are 109 billion RMB; according to exhibit 3, the logistics cost are higher than that in US, Japan and developed countries which means China logistics industry is still in high inefficiency. As predicted by the CFLP, the ratio of total logistics cost in China to GDP will continue higher which resulting inefficiency of modern logistics industry. CFLP predicted t hat total logistics costs during the 11th Five-year Program period (2006-2010) will grow at 10% annually, 2% higher than that of the 10th Five-year Plan period. It also forecasted that the total logistics cost will reach 5,400 billion RMB in 2010, the ratio of total logistics cost to GDP at around 16.8% and cost savings yield during the period will be around 435 billion RMB. (Ling Feng research centre, 2006) Exhibit 5: Total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP, 2000-2005. 1.5.3 Slowly expansion/outsourcing One of the most significant drivers of growth in the global logistics industry is the trend of mergers and acquisitions. Although many big China logistics companies have established overseas offices from the 1980s and 1990s to support their international transportation, their businesses are heavily depend on agents which means the Chinas global logistics network is still weak. For example, Sinotrans has business in nearly 200 countries, but there are only 40 overseas offices and most of the international businesses are done by the agents. In this situation, the expansion for China logistics industry is very slow. So, the global market share of China logistics industry is still relative low. As Contrill claimed, â€Å"dont expect a wave of Chinese 3PLs to land on Western shores soon. The pace of change in China is slow by Western standards and there is much to do in the home market†. (Cen Xuepin, 2005) 1.6 Research objective The objective of this research is twofold. To understand the development of China logistics industry in the last decade. To investigate the factors affecting the development of China logistics industry and recommend the solutions to improve on the problems to further develop logistics industry in China. On meeting the two objectives, this paper will develop a framework to address the factors that affect the development of China logistics industry. 1.7 Research questions Three questions will be discussed in this article: 1: Review the development of logistics industry in China in last decade? 2: What are the factors that affect the development of China logistics industry? 3: How to solve the current problems to further improve logistics industry in China? 1.8 Significance of study In this article, the author introduces the development of China logistics industry in last decade. Also, this paper will contribute by indicating and analyzing some of the problems that affect development of China logistics industry according to questionnaires and interview by managers in logistics companies in China. The theoretical framework is based on an extensive review of the hypothesis in literature review (Chapter 2) to ensure the main factors that affect development of China logistics industry. After that, the searcher will give readers recommendations that solve the problems in China logistics industry. 1.9 Limitations of the research Because of time restriction (from September to November, 2009), this thesis will be finished within 3 months, the research will cover the detail of logistics management (Transportation, Warehousing and IT supporting) as specific as possible. Because of the location of sampling in Shanghai, China, the researcher has to come to China but only around 1month, so it is time limited to the questionnaire distributing and receiving which may cause low response rate. There are many problems that influence the development of logistics industry in China; in this paper, the author only focus the above 5 main problems. Because some logistics companies are not public listed companies, it is difficult to find the data from the current annual reports released by these companies, so the researcher may analyze data in these companies using the previous annual report. (Eg: Annual Report of company A in 2006 or 2007) Some of the questions in questionnaires are directly related to the internal strategy of company management, so managers may do not want to answer which will cause the low response rate also. 1.10 Chapter Outline Chapter one Introduction: This provides the readers with background information of the study which creates a pictorial flow of the main research, research objectives, background of study, problems and significance as well as the limitations faced by the researcher are clearly stated in this chapter. Chapter two Literature review: This chapter explores relevant literature; it basically dealt with pertinent literature on problems of current China logistics industry with discussions on related research variables such as government policy and regulations, transportation cost, warehousing and storage, IT supporting and infrastructure. Also, 3 indicators to development of China logistics industry are given to be as dependent variable when analyzing the correlation with independent variables. Chapter three Methodology and Data collection: This chapter describes the research design used to conduct this research. This chapter will further disclose the ways used in analyzing data collected, limitations of the methods used and how the data are collected. This section concludes with discussions of the data gathering techniques and the data analysis procedures that are used to answer the hypotheses and research questions to readers. Also, theoretical framework is given to show the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. Chapter four Results and discussions: This chapter outlines results of data analysis, provides discussion of research findings and builds bridges between objectives, findings and relevant literature. The result section summarizes the analysis of the data and present findings of the study with respect to the hypothesis and research questions, while the discussion section reviews the findings of the study in the context of the theoretical framework of the study. Chapter five Conclusions and recommendations are provided in this chapter together with discussions on the future of the study. This chapter concludes the research and documents the implications of the study with recommendations for future research. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definition of logistics â€Å"Logistic† is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the flow and storage of goods, services using related information from their point of origin to point of destination for the purpose of fulfilling customer requirements in efficient and effective way. (Raymond F. B. and Wm. B. M. Jr, pp: 45-55, 2004). Luo Wenping and Christopher Findlay (2002) said that the provision of logistics services requires inputs from a number of service providers; including the providers of transport and warehousing as well as other value-adding activities. Basically, logistic is business flow that connects packaging, distribution, storage and warehousing integrated Information Technology (IT) to transfer goods and service to the end users to satisfy their requirements. The concept of logistics has undergone many significant changes. Luo Wenping and Christopher Findlay, (2002) divided the development of logistics into three stages: Stage 1: Physical distribution or outbound logistics system (during 1960s and 1970s). Organizations attempted to systemically manage a set of interrelated activities including transportation, distribution, warehousing, finished goods, inventory levels, packaging, and materials handling to delivery finished goods to customers in efficient way. Stage 2: Integrated logistics management (during the 1970s and 1980s). Firms began to recognize the additional opportunities for savings by combining the inbound side (materials management) with the outbound side (physical distribution). Initially, this provided potential savings by having a single transportation manager who could coordinate inbound and outbound transportation. Companies also become aware of the opportunities to view the whole process, from raw materials to work-in-process inventory to finished goods, as well as managing the whole process from a systems perspective which could lead to more efficient operation. Stage 3: Supply Chain Management (from 1980s to 1990s). Logistics management is one of the parts of Supply Chain Management (SCM) that companies expanded their purpose on the logistics processes to include all the firms involved, making use of partnerships/alliances between manufacturing companies and their suppliers/vendors, customers (channels of distribution), and other related logistics parties such as transportation and public warehousing companies. 2.2 Third Party Logistics (TPLs) Third party logistics and related concepts are most often developed by researchers or consultants in collaboration with businesses demanding or offering third party services. Thus, the definitions reflect the phase of third party cooperation (Tage Skjoett-Larsen, 2000). Alessandra Marasco, (2008) used the following definition: â€Å"Third-party logistics involves the use of external companies to perform logistics functions that have traditionally been performed within an organization. The functions performed by the third party can encompass the entire logistics process or selected activities within that process†. According to this definition, third party logistics includes any form of externalization of logistics activities previously performed â€Å"in-house†. Through interviews with a number of North European third party service providers, Prabir K, B. and Helge V. (1996) have pointed out the following definition: â€Å"A logistics alliance indicates a close and long-term relationship between a customer and a provider encompassing the delivery of a wide array of logistics needs. In a logistics alliance, the parties ideally consider each other as partners. They collaborate in understanding and defining the customers logistics needs. Both partners participate in designing and developing logistics solutions and measuring performance. The goal of the relationship is to develop a win-win arrangement†. This definition emphasizes the strategic dimension of the concept and presupposes that several characteristics are fulfilled before the relationship between buyer and seller of logistics functions can be characterized as TPL. These characteristics include certain duration, joint efforts to develop further cooperation, a customerization of the solution, together with a fair sharing of benefits and risks. 2.3 Measurement the development of logistics industry Logistics has dramatically evolved from a supportive role characterized as passive and cost absorbing, to a primary role and critical factor in competitive advantage (Fu Chinchin and Gwi Ok Kim, 2004). Companies experiencing growing pressure to reduce costs and provide better service can improve their logistics by outsourcing to third-party logistics (3PL) firms, an option that can improve both efficiency and effectiveness, so logistics outsourcing has become a rapidly expanding source of competitive advantage and logistics cost savings. 2.3.1 Productivity Alan Stainer (1997) believe that, in measuring logistics performance, a comprehensive strategy of measurement is necessary for the successful planning, realization and control of the different activities which comprise the business logistics function. He also pointed out that, there should be a family of measures. This is a balanced collection of four to six performance measures, usually including productivity, quality and customer satisfaction, which together furnish an all-inclusive view of results but, individually, also provide a diagnostic value. Within this performance scenario, productivity can be seen as a measurement of resource utilization, including the time element. Alberto G. Canen and Ana Canen, (2002, number: 2.pp: 73-85) points out, the productivity philosophy and its improvement has been a high priority, in the first instance, in manufacturing, then in marketing, and later in physical distribution and materials management. Thus, the time is now ripe to focus on the whole logistics process. The term productivity is often ill-defined but, basically, its measurement is that of a prescribed output to the resources consumed. It can be divided into three main types: Partial measures being a ratio relating output to a single input, such as labour, materials or capital. Total factor or value-added productivity being based on sales less bought-in goods, materials and services. Total productivity measures being a ratio of total output to total input. There is a clear link between productivity and performance improvement, as purported by Lynch and Cross (1995, pp. 63-91). They show performance as a pyramid which is filtered down from the corporate vision, with market and financial measures as the main resultants, supported by customer satisfaction, flexibility and productivity as core business processes. Despite this emphasis on performance, previous research by the author (Stainer and Stainer, 1995), based on a survey of both manufacturing and service industries in the UK, France and Germany, suggests that the implementation of formal productivity programmes is still marginally behind that of the US a decade ago. Further analysis of the survey divulges the use of these three productivity measures for all respondents, as well as for those respondents employing productivity measures in the field of logistics. 2.3.2 Cost The total Logistics cost as a percentage of GDP has widely been used as an indicator of the development level of the Logistics industry in many developed countries. In general, the higher the percentage, the less efficient is the Logistics industry, which means the cost affect the development of logistics industry. The costs associated with logistics activities normally consist of the following components: transportation, warehousing, order processing/customer service, administration, and inventory holding (e.g. Lambert et al., 1998; Saccomano, 1999). Not surprisingly, total logistics costs often represent a large portion of total supply chain costs, especially when the supply chain is extended to the global market. As more organizations are outsourcing their products or services to global suppliers, it becomes increasingly critical to understand and evaluate the various logistics cost components in order to assure the profit margin. 2.3.3 Expansion /outsourcing Elliot Rabinovich, Robert Windle and Martin Dresner, (1999) said that: the outsourcing of logistics functions to partners, known as â€Å"third-party logistics providers†, has increasingly become a powerful alternative to the traditional, vertically-integrated firm in logistics industry. A growth in the number of outsourcing partnerships has contributed to the development of more flexible organizations, based on core competencies and mutually beneficial longer-term relationships. Overall, some 60 per cent of Fortune 500 companies report having at least one contract with a third-party logistics provider. Such buyouts and mergers enable logistics players to build up their infrastructure and service scale, both of which are critical to remaining competitive. By merging their operations and collaborating on technology, complementary services partners can also scale up their logistics capability without having to invest heavily in infrastructure. The result is lower cycle-time, streamlined business processes and lower manpower costs, which in turn boosts companies productivity and profitability. The development of logistics outsourcing broadly defined in this paper as long and short-term contracts or alliances between manufacturing and service firms and third-party logistics providers has been largely based on the needs that companies have to obtain cost savings and to concentrate on their core competencies. They also indicated that, the market and firm characteristics influence the decision to contract multiple combinations of third-party logistics services. These services range from single transportation activities to integrated warehousing, distribution, and information management activities. Also several authors have indicated that across many industries logistics outsourcing has become a rapidly expanding source of competitive advantage and logistics cost savings in logistics industry. For example, Elliot Rabinovich, etl (1999) reported that some firms routinely have achieved up to 30 per cent to 40 per cent reductions in logistics costs and have been able to greatly streamline global logistics processes as a consequence of outsourcing. Other studies, however, have indicated that some logistics outsourcing arrangements are not successful. These